Fuel Consumption
For approximate fuel consumption at 75% power: Multiply Horsepower by 0.06
Altitude
1" inHg for 1,000ft altitude change
2°C for 1,000ft altitude change
Pressure Altitude
PA = FE + (29.92 - Altimeter) x 1,000'
Density Altitude (Calculator)
DA = PA + 120 (OAT - ISA) (OAT and ISA in °C)
∆120ft in DA for 1°C increase from standard temperature
True Airspeed
TAS = IAS + 2% IAS X (Altitude / 1,000')
TAS increase 2% for 1,000ft
Performance
Vy decrease 1/2kt to 1kt per 1,000ft of DA
Vy Vx Vg decrease 1/2kt for each 100lb below GW
Climb rate decrease 7% / 1,000ft DA (Constant speed prop)
Speed / Distance / Time
60kts = 1nm / min
90kts = 1.5nm / min
120kts = 2nm / min
Crosswind component
10° = 18% of wind strength
30° = 50% of wind strength
45° = 70% of wind strength
60° = 87% of wind strength
Tailwind impact on Takeoff (small GA)
Every 2kts Tailwind = +10% ground roll.
Min 70% of Vr at runway midpoint
3° glideslope approach
GS = 90kts -> 90/2=45. +0 -> 450 fpm descent
GS = 120kts -> 120/2=60. +0 -> 600 fpm descent
Flight Maneuvers
Use ½ the bank angle for the lead rollout heading.
30° of bank angle = Start rollout 15° before desired heading.
To make a 6° change in heading, use a standard rate turn then immediately level the wings.
To make a 3° change in heading use ½ standard rate turn
3° per second standard rate turn
Headings / Reciprocal Heading
+2,-2 or -2,+2. 250. -2,+2 -> 070°, 130°. +2, -2, 310°
Bank angle for Standard Rate turn
15.7% of TAS or simplified TAS / 10 then divide by 2. added back.
Or TAS/10 + 7 = bank angle
90kts / 10 = 9. 9/2 = 4.5, 9+4.5 = 13.5° of bank
100kts / 10 = 10. 10/2 = 5, 10+5 = 15° bank for standard rate.
110kts / 10 = 11. 11/2 = 5.5, 11+5.5 = 16.5 or 17° bank
120kts / 10 = 12. 12/2 = 6, 12+6= 18° bank
| TAS kts | Calculated |
|---|---|
| 80 | 12.6° |
| 90 | 14.1° |
| 100 | 15.7° |
| 110 | 17.3° |
| 120 | 18.8° |
| 130 | 20.4° |
Pivotal Altitude
PA = (GS)²/15 (mph) PA = (GS)²/11.3 (kts)
| Knots | PA (kts) | PA (mph) | MPH |
|---|---|---|---|
| 70 | 400 | 400 | 80 |
| 80 | 600 | 500 | 90 |
| 90 | 700 | 700 | 100 |
| 100 | 900 | 800 | 110 |
| 110 | 1100 | 1000 | 120 |
| 120 | 1300 | 1100 | 130 |